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قراءة كتاب The Origin of Finger-Printing
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THE ORIGIN OF
FINGER-PRINTING
BY
SIR WILLIAM J. HERSCHEL, Bart.
HUMPHREY MILFORD
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW
NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE BOMBAY
1916
PRINTED IN ENGLAND
AT THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
DEDICATION
TO SIR EDWARD HENRY, G.C.V.O., K.C.B., C.S.I.
Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police.
I am offering you this old story of the beginnings of Finger-printing, by way of expressing my warm and continuous admiration of those masterly developments of its original applications, whereby, first in Bengal and the Transvaal, and then in England, you have fashioned a weapon of penetrating certainty for the sterner needs of Justice.
June, 1916.
PREFACE
The following pages have two objects: first, to place on record the genesis of the Finger-print method of personal identification, from its discovery in Bengal in 1858, till its public demonstration there in 1877-8; secondly, to examine the scanty suggestions of evidence that this use of our fingers had been foreshadowed in Europe more than a hundred years ago, and had indeed been general in ancient times, especially in China.
In later years, and in energetic hands, the method has been developed into a system far more effective than anything I contemplated, and I do not go into that part of the story; but I believe these pages will suffice to show the originality of my study of its two essential features, the strict individuality and the stubborn persistence of the patterns on our fingers.
The gift granted to me of lighting upon a discovery which promised escape from one great difficulty of administration in India is more than ever appreciated by me since I have lived to see the promise wonderfully fulfilled there, and in other lands as well.
For the sake of interest I give, among the illustrations, several examples of late 'repeats' taken many years after I left India; but these do not belong to my story.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE | |
Bengalee contract with Rājyadhar Kōnāi, 1858. (Collotype) | Between pages 8 and 9 |
Finger-print of Dr. R. F. Hutchinson, Medical Officer at Arrah Station, June 1859 | 10 |
Finger-print of Captain H. Raban, Chief of the Police in Lower Bengal, July 29,1860 | 12 |
Finger-print of the Mahārājā of Nuddea, April 13, 1862 | 13 |
Finger-print of Sir Charles Howard, Superintendent of Police, Nuddea, April 13, 1862; and repeat, 1908 | 13 |
Finger-print of Sir Alfred C. Lyall, 1877; and repeat, 1908 | 17 |
Finger-print of Captain A. Coleman, P. & O. SS. 'Mongolia', February 1877 | 17 |
Finger-prints of Bechā Rām Dās Adhikāri, (a) made in 1877, (b) made in 1892 | 21 |
Finger-print of W. F. Courthope, 1877; and repeat, 1913 | 27 |
Finger-print of Captain V. H. Haggard, R.N., 1877, aet. 2¾ years; and repeat, 1913. (Collotype) | Facing 27 |
Finger-print of Colonel J. Herschel, R.E., September 22, 1877 | 28 |
Finger-print of Dr. J. F. Duthie, September 22, 1877 | 28 |
Finger-print of Sir Theodore Hope, Bo.C.S., 1877 | 29 |
Finger-prints of William Waterfield, B.C.S., (a) July 31, 1860, (b) March 31, 1877 | 29 |
Finger-prints of W. J. Herschel, (a) June 1859, (b) July 1859, (c) March 31, 1877, (d) February 22, 1916 | 30 |
Finger-prints, enlarged, of A. E. H. Herschel: 1881, aet. 7¾; 1890, aet. 17; 1913, aet. 40 | 31 |
'Thomas Bewick his mark' | 33 |
A 'tep-sai' of Bengal compared with a finger-print | 35 |
Caste-marks of illiterates, 1865 | public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@34859@[email protected]#Page_36" class="pginternal" |