a. Formative influences on languages and literature.

b. Contributions of the Moors.

c. Ecclesiastical and philosophical writings.

11. Motives of colonization.

Required Readings: Chapman, The History of Spain, 1-286; Hume, Spain, its Greatness and Decay, 1479-1788, 1-64; The Spanish People, 144-404; Cheyney, 79-114; Ellis, The Soul of Spain, 29-105.

Additional Readings: Lea, History of the Inquisition in Spain; ——, The Moriscos of Spain; ——, History of Sarcedotal Celibacy, 80-85; 300-311; Milman, History of the Jews, Vol. III, 264-309; Altamira, Historia de España y de la Civilizacion española; Colmeiro, Derecho administrativo español; Plunkett, Isabel of Castile; Sempere, Histoire des Cortes d' Espagne; Lowery, The Spanish Settlements in the United States, Vol. I, 79-101; Walton, Civil Law in Spain and Spanish America; Lane-Poole, The Story of the Moors in Spain; Scott, History of the Moorish Empire in Europe; Danvila y Collado, El Poder Civil en España; Lafuente and Valera, Historia general de España; Salazar, Monarchia de España, Vol. I; Sacristian y Martinez, Municipalidades de Castilla y Leon; Merriman, The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New, Vols. I and II.

B. Background of Portuguese history.

Portuguese society:

1. General characteristics.

2. Influence of climate in Portugal.

3. Position as European power in the 16th Century.

4. Portugal as a national state.

5. Political institutions.

6. Motives of colonization.

Required Readings: Cheyney, 60-74; Stephens, The Story of Portugal.

Additional Readings: Busk, History of Spain and Portugal; Martins, The Golden Age of Prince Henry the Navigator; ——, Historia de Portugal; Jayne, Vasco da Gama and His Successors; Major, Life of Prince Henry the Navigator; Hakluyt Society Publications.

Chapter I. The Period of Discovery.

A. Tracing the coast line by Spanish navigators.

1. The achievement of Columbus.

2. Achievements of: Hojeda, Cosa, Vespucci, Pinzon, Piñeda, Bastidas, Grijalva, Balboa, Magellan and Elcano, Guevara, and Saavedra.

Readings: Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 106-111; Morris, History of Colonization, I, 230-243; Bourne, Spain in America, 67-174; Payne, European Colonies, 35-53; ——, History of America, Vol. I; Helps, Spanish Conquest in America; Koebel, South America; Thacher, Columbus; Vignaud, Historie critique de la grande entreprise de Christopher Colomb; Guillemard, Magellan; Bancroft, Central Mexico, Vol. I; Brittain, Discovery and Exploration, 56-296; Benzoni, History of the New World (Hakluyt Society Pub.); Zahm, Up the Orinoco and Down the Magdelena; ——, Along the Andes and Down the Amazon.

B. Internal exploration and settlement.

1. Achievements of: Cortes; Pizarro; Cabeza de Vaca; Almagro; Orellana; Ursúa; Mendoza; Ayolas; Irala, and others.

2. Explorations of Portuguese in Brazil.

3. Settlement of the West Indies.

4. Settlement of Mexico and Central America.

5. Settlement of Spanish South America.

Readings: To those of Section A, add Cambridge Modern History, I, ch. xv.; Prescott, Conquest of Mexico; Bancroft, History of Mexico; MacNutt, Fernando Cortes and the Conquest of Mexico; Solis, Historia de la Conquista de Mexico; Bandelier, Contributions to the History of the Southwestern Portions of the United States; De Lannoy and Van der Linden, Historie de L'Expansion Coloniale des Peuples Europeens (Portugal et Espagne); Bolton, Spanish Exploration in the Southwest; Daenell, Die Spanier in Nord Amerika; Altamira, The Share of Spain in the History of the Pacific Ocean, (Pacific Ocean in History, 34-75); Groat, Historia de la Nueva Granada; Wright, The Early History of Cuba; Amunategui, Descubrimientos; Conquista de Chile; Ojeda, Los Conquistadores de Chile (2v.)

C. Relations of Spain and Portugal in 16th Century.

1. Rivalry for trade supremacy.

2. Appeal to the Pope.

Line of Demarcation, 1493.

3. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494.

4. Boundary commissions and disputes.

5. Treaty of Saragossa, 1529.

6. Mid-century relations.

7. Union of Portugal and Spain, 1580.

8. Attitude of Europe toward Spanish and Portuguese claims of monopoly.

9. New doctrines relative to the control of the seas and the ownership of territory.

Required Readings: Shepherd, Latin America, 9-19; Chapman, 229-271; Bourne, 31-33; 131-132; ——, Essays in Historical Criticism, 193-217; Keller, Colonization, 175-176; 197-200; Merriman, II, 219-239.

Additional Readings: Altamira, Historia de España.

Chapter II. The Spanish Colonial System.

A. Imperial Control.

1. Early methods of colonization.

Spanish inexperience; government aid and activities; private enterprize; rapid evolution of a system.

2. The capitulation; that of Columbus compared with later ones.

3. The Casa de Contratacion.

4. The Council of the Indies:

a. Organization; powers; duties; methods of administration; accomplishments.

b. Notable members.

5. Control of emigration:

a. Laws of restriction.

b. Inducements offered approved immigrants.

6. Exclusion of foreign influences from Colonies; Spanish mercantilism.

7. Interference in colonial affairs.

8. Means of control; special commissions; the visitador; the residencia; recall.

9. Difficulties of administration:

a. Distance between colonies and home government.

b. Defective means of communication.

10. Decline of the system; changes effected in the 18th Century; red tape and routine.

11. Comparison of the Spanish system of colonization with the systems of other colonizing countries.

12. Influences of the colonial empire upon Spain.

Required Readings: Shepherd, 19-26; Bourne, 220-242; Morris, 244-259; Keller, 168-206; 210-215; Bancroft, History of Central America, I, 285 et seq.; Roscher, The Spanish Colonial System; Moses, Establishment of Spanish Rule in America; Cambridge Modern History, Vol X, 244 et. seq.; Robertson, Rise of the Spanish American Republics, Introduction.

Additional Readings: Root, Spain and Its Colonies; Zimmerman, Die Kolonialpolitik Portugal und Spaniens; Leroy-Beaulieu, De la Colonisation chez les Peuples Modernes, 1-40; Puente y Olea, Los Trabajos Geographicos de la Casa de Contratacion; Colmeiro, Historia de la Economia Politica en España, Vol. II; Cappa, Estudios Criticos Acerca de la dominacion española en America; Recopilacion de Leyes de los Reinos de