las Indias, (a collection of legislation respecting the colonies made first in 1681).

B. Spanish Administrative System in the Colonies.

1. No distinct separation of powers; the executive, legislative, judicial, and ecclesiastical powers of government.

2. Office of Viceroy in Spanish America.

a. History of the office.

b. Appointment; powers in the various departments of the government; dignity of office; perquisites and reward.

3. Offices of Adelantado; gobernador; captain-general; minor officials.

4. The Audiencia; presidencia.

5. The system of intendants instituted; its effects.

6. Local government: the alcalde; the cabildo; ayuntamiento.

7. Extraordinary political bodies in the colonies: the Cabildo abierto.

8. Minor courts of law; position of lawyers.

9. Conduct of government.

10. Operation of the system; discretionary powers as to enforcement or non-enforcement of laws—"Se obedece pero no se ejecuta"; opportunities of local officials to evade imperial restrictions.

11. Relations of officials with the home government.

Required Readings: Shepherd, 25-29; Moses, Establishment of Spanish Rule; ——, Spanish Dependencies of South America, 263-275; Morris, I, 244-259; Smith, The Viceroy of New Spain, 100-248; Bourne, 202-242; ——, A Trained Colonial Civil Service, (North American Review, Vol. 169, 528 et seq.); Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol. XIX; Hill, Office of Adelantado, (Political Science Quarterly, Vol. XXVIII); Roscher, The Spanish Colonial System; Humboldt, Political Essay on New Spain; Cunningham, The Audiencia in the Spanish Colonies; ——, Institutional Background of Spanish-American History (Hisp. Am. Hist. Rev. 1918).

Additional Readings: Bancroft, Central America, Vol. I, Chapter V; Cambridge Modern History, Vol. X, 244 et seq.; Desdevises du Dezert, L'Espagne de L'Ancien Régime (Les Institutions) 122-163; Solorzano, Politica Indiana, Vol. II; Haebler, Amerika (Helmolt's Weltgeschichte, Vol. I) 384, et seq.

C. The Church. Real Patronato.

1. Royal control of the Church in oversea dominions.

a. Bull of Alexander VI, 1493.

b. The bull of Julius II, 1508.

c. The system as perfected.

2. The clergy in the colonies.

3. The priest as a colonizer.

4. Jesuits and other clerical orders.

5. Relations of Church and State.

6. The church and education.

7. The right of sanctuary in the colonies.

8. The mission system; the Church and the Indian.

9. The Inquisition in Spanish America.

10. The Church in Spanish and Portuguese colonies compared.

11. Some notable priests and monks; Las Casas, Zumarraga; Cardenas, etc.

12. Expulsion of Jesuits, 1767, (Portugal, 1759).

Required Readings: Shepherd, 49-59; Bourne, 302-319; Keller, 283-305; Ayme, Ancient Temples and Cities of the New World; Moses, Establishment of Spanish Rule, Chap. IV; ——, South America on the Eve of Emancipation, 119-142; ——, Spanish Dependencies in South America, Vol. I, 338-349; 364-380; Vol. II, 143-153; 206-232; Smith, 229-248.

Additional Readings: Acosta, The Natural and Moral History of the Indies, Vol. II; Lea, The Inquisition in the Spanish Dependencies; Graham, A Vanished Arcadia; Koebel, In Jesuit Land; Escriche, Diccionario Razonado de Legislacion; Palma, Anales de la inquisicion de Lima; Lowery, Spanish Settlements in the United States, Vol. I, 339-366; Calle, Memorial y Noticias Sacras; Chapman, The Founding of Spanish California (cf. Index, "Religious Conquest"); Medina, Historia de Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisicion en Mexico; Cambridge Modern History, Vol. X, 253, et seq.

D. The Indians and the Labor System.

1. The aborigines: tribes; number.

a. Most important families: Araucanians; Arawak; Aymara; Aztec; Carib; Charrua; Chibcha; Coconuco; Guarani; Inca; Maya; Mojos; Puelche; Quechua; Tapuya; Tupi, etc.

2. Indian civilization:

a. The Aztecs of Mexico.

b. The Incas of Peru.

3. Treatment of Indians by the Spanish; comparison of this treatment with that by other nations.

4. Reputation of Spaniards for cruelty.

5. Laws of Spain relative to Indians:

a. Early regulations; instructions to Columbus; laws of Burgos, 1512; laws of 1530.

b. The "New Laws," 1542.

c. Labor laws and customs:

1. Encomienda.

2. Repartimiento.

3. Mita.

4. Office of corregidor.

d. Indian slavery; service in obrages and trapiches; effect of labor system on Indians.

e. Law and practice.

6. Taxation of Indians.

7. Work of Las Casas, Nobrega, and Anchieta.

8. Indian resistance against Spanish system; Tupac-Amaru, II, 1780-1781.

9. Importation of negro slaves:

a. The Spanish theory.

b. The asiento.

c. Laws governing negro slave labor.

Required Readings: Shepherd, 29-32; Morris, I, 239-241; 245-251; Keller, 257-282; Moses, South America on the Eve of Emancipation, 167-217; ——, Spanish Dependencies, Vol. I, 204-229; Barros Arana, Compendio de historia de America, part I; Watson, Spanish and Portuguese South America, Vol. I, 65-85; 209-249; Means, The Rebellion of Tupac-Amaru II, 1780-1781, (His. Am. Hist. Rev., 1919); Church, The Aborigines of South America; Hrdlicka, Early Man in South America; Nordenskiold, Indianerleben.

Additional Readings: Gage, New Survey of the West Indies; MacNutt, Bartholomew de las Casas; Prescott, Conquest of Mexico; ——, Conquest of Peru; Robertson, History of America, Book VIII; Helps, Spanish Conquest in America; Saco, Revista de Cuba; Markham, The Incas of Peru; Spinden, Ancient Civilizations of Mexico and Central America.

E. Social Classes and Colonial Society.

1. Spanish types in the colonies:

Basque; Gallego; Catalan; Andalusian.

2. Classes and race distinctions:

Chapeton (gachupines); Creole; Mestizo; Mulatto; Zambo.

3. Classes and the government; the divide et impera policy.

4. Legacy of class distinction.

5. Spanish recognition of Creoles and natives; numbers ennobled.

6. Colonial society; diversions; pursuits; occupations.

7. The towns; pueblos; the cercados.

Required Readings: Shepherd, 29-38; Morris, 252-254; Garcia Calderon, Latin America: Its Rise and Progress, 44-58; Bourne, 253-268; Keller, 211-220; Moses, Establishment of Spanish Rule, Chapter II; ——, South America on the Eve of Emancipation, 100-118.

Additional Readings: Humboldt, Personal Narrative of Travels; Reclus, The Earth and Its Inhabitants—South America; Frezier, Voyage a la Mer de Sud; Ulloa, A Voyage to South America.