Stanford's Compendium of Geography and Travel—Central and South America; Boero, Geografia de America.

Additional Readings: Tschudi, Travels in Peru; Whymper, Travels amongst the Great Andes of the Equator; Schanz, Quer durch Sud-America; Darwin, Journal of Researches—(Voyage of the Beagle); Zahm's works.

Chapter V. The Struggle for Independence, 1806-1826.

1. Sources and elements of discontent in Latin America; political and economic.

2. Influence of the American War of Independence; new economic doctrines, French Revolution; English political philosophy.

3. Pre-revolutionary revolts; foreign stimulation.

4. Diffusion of new ideas; decline in effectiveness of the Spanish policy of exclusion; the expedition of Miranda, 1806; representative Hispanic-Americans in Europe and United States; English expeditions against Buenos Aires and Montevideo, 1806-1807.

5. Invasion of Spain by Napoleon; overthrow of the legitimate government; establishment of the Napoleonic government and of Spanish juntas.

6. Disturbance in the colonies; attitude of the cities; Caracas, Buenos Aires, Bogota, Cordoba, Santiago de Chile, etc.

7. The interregnum; development of local juntas; manifestations of loyalty to Spain; theories applied to the relations with Spain.

8. Gradual growth of desire and formation of plans for independence; refusal of Spanish terms; character of the revolutionary movement.

9. The revolution in the North, 1809-1821:

a. Formation of juntas; collaboration of Miranda and Bolivar.

b. General character of the struggle; atrocities and reprisals; Monteverde, Boves, and Morillo; the fate of Miranda, the campaigns.

c. The constitution of Angostura.

d. The crossing of the Andes and the battle of Boyaca.

e. Services of Santander, Paez, Sucre, and others.

f. Altered character of the war after the Spanish revolution of 1820.

g. Battle of Carabobo; the invasion of Ecuador.

h. Bolivar as organizer, military leader, liberator.

10. Attitude of foreign countries; aid of Great Britain:

a. Englishmen and Irish in the war.

b. Citizens of the United States in the northern campaigns.

11. The revolution in the South, 1809-1821:

a. Conditions in Buenos Aires and the South which produced revolution; political services of Mariano Moreno, Castelli, Belgrano, Pueyrredon, Rivadavia, Monteagudo, etc.

b. Campaigns: Belgrano at Tucuman; revolutionizing of Paraguay; Artigas in Uruguay.

c. San Martin as soldier in Argentina and as governor of Cuyo; preparation for the campaign in Chile; crossing of the Andes.

d. Liberation of Chile; battles of Chacabuco and Maipu; work of O'Higgins and Lord Cochrane; foreigners in San Martin's service.

e. Campaign for Peru—Naval and Military.

12. Relations of Bolivar and San Martin; political theories of each; the conference at Guayaquil; retirement of San Martin.

13. Final Stages in the war of independence, 1822-1826:

a. Bolivar's invasion of Peru; relations with political leaders.

b. Battles of Junin and Ayacucho.

c. The campaign in Upper Peru; the Bolivian constitution.

d. Surrender of Callao.

14. The part of the Indians in the wars; the part of the loyalists, their treatment; emigration of loyalists.

15. Early evidences of national aspiration on the part of various communities.

16. Prosperity; free trade; interest of England and the United States.

17. Unity versus sectionalism.

18. The Confederation of New Granada; Bolivar as an executive and political theorist; revolutionary legislation.

19. Political theories and conflicting ambitions of the generals; radicalism and conservatism in the revolution.

20. Establishment of states.

21. Revolutionary society in South America.

22. Comparison of the revolutions in South America with that in the United States.

23. Mexico and Central America:

a. Hidalgo, Morelos, Mina, Guerrero.

b. Iturbide and the Plan of Iguala.

c. Part of the church; the land issue; social questions.

d. Revolutionizing of Central America.

24. Saint Domingue: Toussaint L'Ouverture.

Required Readings: Shepherd, 69-81; Garcia Calderon, 58-86; Bryce, 423-448; Cambridge Modern History, Vol. X, 280-309; Herrera, La Revolution Francesa y Sud America; Robertson, Francisco de Miranda and the Revolutionising of Spanish-America (Amer. Hist. Assn. reports, 1907); Rise of Spanish-American Republics; Moses, Spain's Declining Power in South America, 1730-1806.

Additional Readings: Bancroft, Mexico; Pilling, The Emancipation of South America; Paxson, The Independence of South American Republics; Moses, South America on the Eve of Emancipation; Filisola, La Cooperacion de Mexico en la independencia de Centro America; Mitre, The Emancipation of South America; Petre, Bolivar; Mancini, Bolivar et l'emancipation des colonies espagnoles; Decoudray-Holstein, Memoirs of Simon Bolivar; Rene-Moreno, Ultimas Dias Coloniales en el Alto Peru; Ingenieros, La Evolucion de las Ideas Argentinas: La Revolucion; Calvo, Annales historiques de la revolution de l'Amerique latine; Torrente, Historia de la revolucion hispano-Americana; Chandler, Inter-American Acquaintances; Walton, Present State of the Spanish Colonies.

Chapter VI. Early Relations of Hispanic America with the United States; the Monroe Doctrine.

1. Diffusion of revolutionary ideas and political opinions in South America.

2. Part of Spanish-Americans in the American war of independence.

3. Part of the United States in the Hispanic-American wars of independence; diplomatic relations of United States and the de facto governments and people of Hispanic America.

4. Early ideas as to American concert.

5. Jefferson and John Adams on South America.

6. Early statements of the Monroe Doctrine.

7. Evolution of Monroe Doctrine during the Revolutionary War; the part of Hispanic America.

8. Attitude of European States toward Hispanic America after the Congress of Vienna.

a. Effects of revolutionary wars upon European politics and diplomacy.

b. The policy of intervention.

c. The Holy Alliance and the Concert of Europe.

d. Applications of policy of intervention.

e. The Congress of Verona.

f. The position of England.

9. Recognition by the United States.

10. The Canning-Rush-Adams correspondence.

11. The Monroe message.

12. Reception of Monroe Doctrine in South America and in Europe.

13. The Monroe Doctrine, 1823-1828.

14. Recognition by Great Britain, Spain, and other European states.

Required Readings: Edgington, History of the Monroe Doctrine; Bingham, The Monroe Doctrine, an Obsolete Shibboleth; Garcia Calderon, 58-85; Bryce, 422-451; Koebel, British Exploits, 163-254; Shepherd, Bolivar and the United States (Hisp. Am. Hist. Rev. 1918); Moore, Digest of International Law (Sections on Monroe Doctrine); The New